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Technical Papers Library

Browse the library of technical papers authored by Hydro International's water experts for information on stormwater, wastewater and combined sewer overflow research. 

For papers about best management practices for the water industry, browse Hydro's White Papers Library located in the Press Centre.

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file icon Weedon Flood Storage Scheme - the Biggest Hydro-Brake in the Worldhot! 03/17/2004
Authors
G P BOAKES, A STEPHENSON, J B LOWES, A C MORISON, A T USBORNE
Abstract
The Northamptonshire villages around Weedon in the upper River Nene valley, suffered disastrous flooding in 1947, 1992 and 1998, with Weedon Bec being particularly badly affected. The channel through the village is constricted by historic developments and the opportunity to enlarge the channels was not available. Restricted culverts under the railway embankments downstream compounded the flood situation.

To alleviate the problem the Environment Agency and Halcrow Group developed an upstream on-line storage reservoir scheme. The project includes a 450m long, 6.8m high clay embankment across the valley, with a culvert on the line of the original river channel to carry the controlled outflow. A 150m long concrete-block spillway carries excess flood flows over the embankment. The embankment site has been landscaped to minimise visual impacts and the borrow area has been developed into a large wetland area as a habitat for aquatic flora and fauna.

The key component of the flow control system is a 6.5 tonne, stainless steel Hydro-BrakeŽ Flow Control device located in the dam inlet structure. The Hydro-BrakeŽ was designed by Hydro International to control the maximum outflow rate despite fluctuating head, and incorporates the facility to adjust the controlled outflow between 8 and 12m3/s. The use of the Hydro-BrakeŽ helped reduce the upstream storage requirement and hence the land take and frequency of flooding involved. This paper provides a description of the options considered during the design stage of the flood defence scheme, details of the actual design and construction of the dam, an explanation of how the Hydro-BrakeŽ operates and the benefits it provides over other forms of flow control.

file icon Providing Engineered Solutions to the Challenges of SuDShot! 06/17/2004
Author
Mr Alex Stephenson
Abstract
A novel integrated system providing hard engineered solutions to SuDS, Source Control and Rainwater re-use is described. The system is made up of four key facets; a flow control / attenuation element (Hydro-BrakeŽ Flow Control), a stormwater storage element ( StormcellŽ ), a stormwater infiltration element (Stormbloc™), and a stormwater treatment element (Downstream DefenderŽ Separator). The system components are briefly described highlighting their benefits compared with other alternatives, followed by case studies describing projects where some or all of the stages have been used as the key components in providing the storage, control and treatment elements of SuDS schemes.
file icon Experimental investigation into solids re-entrainment in hydrodynamic vortex separatorshot! 06/17/2004
Authors
Dr D A Phipps, Dr R M Alkhaddar, Mr James Dodd, Dr M G Faram, Professor R Y G Andoh and Miss Cathryn Roberts
Abstract
Hydrodynamic Vortex Separators (HDVS) are used for removing solids from stormwater before discharge into watercourses and for Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) and wastewater treatment. Their internal geometry generates flow patterns which promote solids separation and deposition in a hopper at the base. This study examines re-entrainment of captured solids at a range of flow rates, for four separator configurations. Dye-tracer experiments for one configuration have shown that the hopper region is a slow mixing zone (SMZ), with the rate of mixing and interchange with the main body of flow depending on overall flow rate. With the hopper part filled, dye tests showed minimal mixing of interstitially held water; supporting the view that removal of solids will occur only from the top of the bed. The onset and extent of reentrainment occurring when the hopper was full of sediment was found to depend on the configuration, with a general increase in its occurrence with increasing flows. The study highlights the importance of providing isolated zones for sediment collection and adequate shielding of the collected sediment.
file icon Assessment of modular block stormwater storage systemshot! 06/17/2004
Authors
 Dr Michael G. Faram, Dr Ian Guymer and Prof Adrian J. Saul
Abstract
Recognising the need for urban drainage solutions to fit a variety of different situations, both ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ approaches have evolved. For stormwater storage, ‘hard’ structures such as modular block systems and concrete chambers have often been found to be more amenable to requirements than ‘soft’ solutions such as open ponds, for example, in cases where space constraints are an issue. In the current studies, two different configurations of modular block storage system were assessed, one with a slotted underpipe connecting between the inlet and outlet, and one without. A combination of experimental and numerical approaches were applied, including tracer studies, and studies using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study concludes that the use of an underpipe is likely to minimise the occurrence of sediment and debris deposition, as compared to other alternative arrangements.
file icon Evaluation of different configurations of stormwater treatment chambershot! 07/28/2004
Authors
David A. Phipps, PhD, Rafid M. Alkhaddar, PhD, James Dodd, Michael G. Faram, PhD, Pamela J. Deahl, P.E.
Abstract
With the objective of reducing the polluting impact of urban run-off on receiving watercourses, various proprietary treatment technologies have evolved, including ‘flow-through’ devices that are designed to intercept and store pollutants such as sediments and floatables for later removal and safe disposal. Frequently, the performance of chambers is stated in terms of ‘ability to remove pollutants from the inflow’, often at discrete flowrates. However, a parameter that is often overlooked is chamber ‘retention efficiency’, the ability of chambers to retain stored pollutants once collected. The paper presents the findings of both simulation and experimental studies of different designs of treatment chamber, focussing in particular on the ‘retention efficiency’ parameter. It is concluded that chambers in which the pollutants storage region is isolated from the main treatment area are likely to be most effective.
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